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TEXAS
CAPITALS
by Archie P.
McDonald, PhD |
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Every
school child who has taken Texas history -- I hope -- knows that Austin
is the state capital. They may not know the other seats of Texas government.
Spain claimed much of the New World, including Texas,
at the beginning of the sixteenth century. While the claim held, Texas'
capital was Madrid, or, within a few years, Mexico City, because of
the residence of the viceroy there, though none of the Native American
Texans knew that or cared.
Mexico won its war of independence in 1821, and Mexico City remained
the center of political power for the nation until the adoption of
the Constitution of 1824. This placed Texas as part of the state of
Coahuilla -- later known as Coahuilla y Tejas -- with the capital
in Satillo. In the 1830s, Monclova briefly served as the capital,
though, again, few Texans then cared because they were revolting against
Mexico.
Texans declared their independence in March 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos
and created an interim government administered by President David
G. Burnet. For a while the "capital" was wherever Burnet hung his
hat -- Harrisburg, Galveston,
Velasco,
and then Columbia
by September.
Sam Houston, the first elected president of the Republic, assumed
control of the government in Columbia.
Houston was flattered when entrepreneurs A.C. and J.K. Allen offered
to build a new city and name it "Houston" if Old Sam would move the
capital there and remain for three years. They even promised to build
a capitol building for the city.
Houston was located
on Buffalo Bayou near the ashes of Harrisburg, which had been burned
during the Texas Revolution. However much Old Sam might have loved
the city named for him, others complained of its perpetually muddy
streets, swamps, and mosquitos.
So the Congress authorized Old Sam's successor, Mirabeau B. Lamar,
to find a new location for the capital. He selected a site on the
Colorado River near a village known as Waterloo. Lamar wisely did
not name the capital "Lamar;" instead, it was named Austin
in honor of Texas' first empresaio, Stephen F. Austin.
When Houston gained reelection to the presidency in 1841, he refused
to serve in Austin,
preferring instead Washington-on-the-Brazos.
He even tried to remove the government records in an incident known
as the "Archives War."
Because the citizens of Austin
kept the archives, Houston's successor and the last president of the
Republic, Anson
Jones, agreed to live in their city. Every one of Texas' governors,
1845 to the present, Union, Confederate, or Union again, also have
served in the city by the Colorado River.
All
Things Historical
March 17-23, 2002 column
A syndicated column in over 40 East Texas newspapers
(Archie P. McDonald is Director of the East Texas Historical Association
and author or editor of over 20 books on Texas)
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